![]() The three best-known runic alphabets are the Elder Futhark (around 150–800 AD), the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc (400–1100 AD), and the Younger Futhark (800–1100 AD). Until the early 20th century, runes were used in rural Sweden for decorative purposes in Dalarna and on Runic calendars. ![]() However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes in northern Europe. The characters were generally replaced by the Latin alphabet as the cultures that had used runes underwent Christianisation, by approximately 700 AD in central Europe and 1100 AD in northern Europe. The earliest runic inscriptions date from around 150 AD. Runology forms a specialised branch of Germanic linguistics. Runology is the study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history. The Scandinavian variants are also known as futhark or fuþark (derived from their first six letters of the alphabet: F, U, Þ, A, R, and K) the Anglo-Saxon variant is futhorc or fuþorc (due to sound changes undergone in Old English by the names of those six letters). ![]() Runes (Proto-Norse: ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), Old Norse: rún) are the letters in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets, which were used to write various Germanic languages before the adoption of the Latin alphabet and for specialised purposes thereafter. However, in Unicode 7.0 some additional Runic characters were added, including three Runic characters that were used only by Tolkien, for example in the maps of Hobbit: these are different from Cirth. Tolkien-designed Cirth, which has a separate ConScript Unicode Registry encoding. Although many of the characters appear similar, they should not be confused with the J.R.R. Runic is a Unicode block containing characters for writing Futhark runic inscriptions.
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